Subject guides: Referencing guide at the University of Manchester: Other Styles

Which reference style should you use?

The way that you cite references will depend on the referencing style you are using. There are many different referencing styles and you must ensure that you are following the appropriate style when submitting your work.

Check with your supervisor to be sure that you are following the specific guidelines required by your School.

Commonly used referencing styles at The University of Manchester include Harvard, MLA and Vancouver and you can find detailed information on how to reference specific material using these styles in this guide.

If you are submitting work for publication in books or journals, publishers’ websites will provide guidance on which referencing style you should follow.

Vancouver
The Vancouver system does allow for some variations in style, but you must remain consistent throughout your document. The Vancouver system is most commonly used in medical and clinical sciences.

The American Psychological Association (APA)
The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is used predominantly in Social Science subject areas.

Harvard Manchester
The Library has created the ‘Harvard Manchester’ style as an alternative to the default EndNote ‘Harvard’ style. The Harvard Manchester style displays author names in the reference list or bibliography in normal case rather than uppercase as used in the ‘Harvard’ style.

The Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA)
The Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) is a United Kingdom-based international organisation that aims to encourage and promote advanced study and research of humanities.

OSCOLA
The Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is designed to facilitate accurate citation of authorities, legislation, and other legal materials. It is widely used in law schools and by journal and book publishers in the UK and beyond.

Modern Language Association (MLA)
The MLA style allows you to phrase your text so that credit is given to the author’s view (direct citation) or you can cite the author and page number after the relevant section (indirect citation).