Referencing guide at the University of Manchester: Harvard Manchester

If the author’s work appears as a chapter within part of a larger work that is edited by somebody else (quite common with academic textbooks), use the author of the chapter for the citation within your text. You will however, need to provide the full bibliographic details in your works cited list (See section above: Chapter from an edited book for further details).

In-text citation

Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.

Reference list entry

Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.) The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304.

In-text citations

In-text citations consist of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication. 

Where the author(s) is mentioned in the text the citation consists of the year of publication in parentheses. 

Boatright (2008) argues that there are six questions that need consideration, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in a case. 

Where the author(s) is not mentioned in the text the citation consists of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication in parentheses, separated by a comma. 

There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright, 2008). 

No author: If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised. 

(One Thousand and One Nights, 1224) 

One author: the surname of the author and the year of publication are stated as below. 

Chan (2019) or (Chan, 2019) 

Two authors: the surnames of the authors, separated by ‘and’, and the year of publication are stated as below. 

Smith and Anderton (2018) or (Smith and Anderton, 2018) 

Three authors: first author to penultimate author separated by commas. Penultimate author and last author separated by the word and. 

Grice, Smith and Anderton (2018) or (Grice, Smith and Anderton, 2018).

Four or more authors: the surname of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’, and the year of publication are stated as above. 

Grice et al. (2008) or (Grice et al., 2008) 

Corporate authors: Spell out the full title of the corporation or organisation or use an acronym or Initialism if it is recognised as this. 

British American Tobacco plc 

WHO 

BBC 

If the author title is quite lengthy you may want to spell out the name so that you can initialise it later in your work. 

If two or more authors have the same surname then you need to provide more information to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. You should provide both author’s first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.

Reference list

All authors used in your work should be listed in your reference list.  

Author details: surname followed by a comma followed by initial(s) followed by a full stop. 

 
No author: If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised. 

One Thousand and One Nights (1224). 

Two authors: authors separated by the word 'and’. 

Anderton, L. and Theis, A. (2018).  The relationship between leadership styles and perceived workplace spirituality in the modern academic setting. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester. 

Three authors: first author to penultimate author separated by commas. Penultimate author and last author separated by the word and. 

Anderton, L., Hodkinson, C. and Theis, A. (2018).  The relationship between leadership styles and perceived workplace spirituality in the modern academic setting. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester. 

Four or more authors: first author followed by ‘et al’ 

Bruckberger, M.C. et al. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10. 

Editor(s) no author(s): same procedure as with an author but include (ed.) or (eds.) after the names. 

Whitley, R. and Kristensen, P.H. (eds.) (1996).  The changing European firm: limits to convergence. London: Routledge. 

Author(s) and editor(s): use the procedure as if it were an authored work and include the term Edited by followed by the editor(s) names spelled out in Initial. Surname format. 

Book with editors 

Thompson, H.S. and Steadman, R. (1993).  Fear and loathing in Las Vegas: A savage journey to the heart of the American dream. Edited by R. Duke and O. Z. Acosta. London: Flamingo. 

Book Chapter with editor 

Hall, S. (2019). 'Chapter 5 the west and the rest: Discourse and power [1992]', in Morley, D. (ed.) Essential essays. Volume 2, Identity and diaspora. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 141-184. 

Cite both names and separate with a semi-colon.

In-text citations

This is usually dependant on the flow of your assignment, here are two examples:

Hollensen (2017) and Palmer (2018) are in agreement about the importance of service-led marketing.

Service led marketing should form an important part of an organisation’s overall marketing strategy (Hollensen, 2017; Palmer, 2018).

NB: Chronological order (earliest date first) of year before surname, if the same year then revert to alphabetical order.

If two or more authors have the same surname then you need to provide more information to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. You should provide both author’s first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.

In-text citations

Same surnamed author in different years

(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2010)

Same surnamed same year

(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2015)

Same surnamed same initial

(Aaron Anderton, 2015; Alan Anderton, 2016)

When you wish to refer to a source that is cited or quoted in another authors work then you need to acknowledge this. This is known as indirect or secondary referencing.

Use the term 'cited in' or 'quoted in' within your work. 

Nota bene: it is always preferable to cite the original source when possible.

In-text citations

Vampirism is described as ‘an epidemical disease of the brain, as dangerous and infectious as the madness of dogs’ (Tournefort, 1702 cited in Aquilina, 2013).

If the work is by a recognised organisation, and has no personal author, then use the organisation’s name for the citation.

If the name is well known then initials are acceptable. e.g. (BBC, 2018).

If the author title is quite lengthy you may want to spell out the name so that you can initialise it later in your work.

In-text citation

In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).

In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).

If the author’s name forms a natural part of your sentence, then you just need to note the relevant year (within parentheses) after the author(s) name.

In-text citation

Boatright (2008) argues that there are six questions that need consideration, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in a case.

Only include the edition number if it is not the first edition 

If it is a revised edition, write rev edn

*Edition is abbreviated to edn, this avoids potential confusion with for editor or editors for example, 3rd edn, rev edn, 11th rev edn 

Reference list entries

Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 

Lerner, J., Hardymon, F. and Leamon, A. (2009). Venture capital and private equity: A casebook. 4th rev edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

For the citation:

when there are four or more authors, write the last name of the first author, followed by et al., whenever you cite the source.

For the reference list:

when there are four or more authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by the phrase et al. 

In-text citations

(Bruckberger et al., 2020)

Reference list entries

Bruckberger, M.C., et al. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.

If you do not mention the author’s name within your text, then place both the name and year in parentheses, at the end of the sentence, In-text citation

There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright, 2008).

When available, you need to include the following information in the order:

volume number

issue/part number in parenthesis such as: 87(3),

date or season such as: 19 July, or Summer

Reference list entries

Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76.

Adang, O. M. J. (1993). ‘Violence in institutions: Understanding, prevention and control, by M. Rice, G. Harris, G. Varney, and V. Quinsey. Toronto, Hogrefe and Huber, 1989,320 pp’ Aggressive Behavior, 19 Summer, pp. 465-466 https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337

To omit part of a quotation use an ellipsis (...).

In-text quotations

'Consider the three major social networks … none of these was profitable at the time of writing' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

You can insert your own words into the quotation by putting them in square brackets.

Jones notes that 'in these areas the larger [tobacco] companies often act the most irresponsibly' (2005).

If the original quotation contains errors (e.g. a spelling mistake) do not correct it. Instead point out the errors by writing [sic], The Latin adverb sic ('thus', 'just as'; in full: sic erat scriptum, 'thus was it written') e.g.

Williams (2008, p. 86) noted that ‘Johnson maid [sic] a mistake’.

Nota bene: Be consistent, you can use double or single quotations marks within your work, we suggest...

• Use single quotation marks ('...') to indicate direct quotations and the definition of words.

   

• Double quotation marks (“…”) are used for a quote within a quote.

   

Citation order

The Citation order would be those of the type of source the material is e.g. book or journal etc...If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.

In-text citation:

When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxson, 2001b).

Reference list entries:

Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.

Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.

If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised.

Within the reference list it appears alphabetically by its title.

In-text citation

The report highlights how health and wellbeing is already being eroded by day-to-day pressures. (A place to grow, 2018).

The phrase “no date” should be used if you cannot identify a date of publication.

In-text citation

Cosgrove (no date) states that total sales measures are often used to assess overall trends within the retail sector

Total sales measure is used to assess market level trends in retail sales (Cosgrove, no date).

If you wish to use references that are non-roman scripts such as Arabic or Chinese texts it is recommended that you include a translated version of the title in square brackets after the original language version.

In-text citation

(Brustad, 1995)

Brustad, (2006, pp.1-22).

In Brustad's ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds] the author describes the ... (1985)

Ge (1996 p. 27) describes Beijing in the book Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China] as being one of the wonders of the world.

Reference list entries

Brustad, K. (1995). ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.

Brustad, K. (2006). Al-kitāb fī taʻallum al ʻarabīyyah [A Textbook for Beginning Arabic]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University press.

Ge, X. (1996). Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.

Ge, X. (1996). 中国地名胜古迹 [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.

If a DOI and a URL are both available, default to DOI. 

Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)

These sources can range from e-books and journal articles to conference papers and presentations. They include a number identifying the publisher, work, and issue information.

Note that because the DOI is the permanent identifier for the source, it is not necessary to include an accessed date in your reference lists.

DOI is always written in lower case.

Reference list entries

Bagheri, R., Ariaii, P. and Motamedzadegan, A. (2021). ‘Effects of Chitosan Incorporated with Basil Seed Gum and Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Essential Oil on the Quality of Beef Burger During Refrigerated storage’ Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization, 15 (1), pp. 256-264. doi: 10.1007/s11694-020-00628-5.
 

Uniform Resource Locators (URL)

Include ‘Available at:’ prior to the URL.

Reference list entries

Department for Children, Schools and Families (2010). Children and Young Persons, England, The Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 (No.959) Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/959/schedule/1/made (Accessed: 10 January 2019). 

Page numbers are only required in the reference list for chapters in books, and periodical (journal/magazine/newspaper) articles

The abbreviation p. is used for single pages and pp. for more than one, such as,

…Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76. 

… Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 6. 

… London: Hutchinson, i-iv. 

Note that page numbers are not elided (for example, pp. 90–9) 

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them (see example above). 

Reference list entries

Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76. 

Only include the place name for printed items such as books, reports, etc

Separate the place of publication and the publisher with a colon, such as, London: Beaver Books 

When place names are ambiguous, such as Birmingham, Alabama then add the abbreviated US state name (unless otherwise obvious) Such as: 

Oxford: Oxford University Press 

Birmingham, AL: BookBub & Chirp 

Reference list entries

Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 

Lerner, J., Hardymon, F. and Leamon, A. (2009). Venture capital and private equity: A casebook. 4th rev edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

General Medical Council (2014). Good medical practice: working with doctors working for patients. Rev edn. Manchester: General Medical Council.

Include the publishing house if know or available.

Reference list entries

Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 

Lerner, J., Hardymon, F. and Leamon, A. (2009). Venture capital and private equity: A casebook. 4th rev edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Required elements

Author/editor.

Year of original publication (in round brackets).

Title of book (in italics).

Reprint or facsimile

Place of reprint or facsimile publication: reprint or facsimile publisher.

Year of reprint or facsimile

In-text citation

‘Actual happiness always looks pretty squalid in comparison with the overcompensations for misery’ (Huxley, 1932 p.188).

Reference list entry

Huxley, A. (1932). Brave new world. Reprint, London: Everyman's Library, 2013.

Required elements

Student surname.

Year of submission in parentheses followed by full stop.

Title of the essay/assignment, in single quotation marks

Module code:module title , in italics.

Institution.

Unpublished essay/assignment.

In-text citation

The topic of the essay (Alumna, 2017)

Reference list entry

Alumna, Una (2017). '‘The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions.’ PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. Unpublished essay/assignment.

Longer quotations need to be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main text. You do not need to use quotation marks.

In-text quotation

Chaffey describes how it can be difficult to assess the success of e-businesses:

Internet pureplay companies are often perceived as dynamic and successful owing to the rapid increase in visitors to sites, or sales, or due to initial valuations on stock markets. In reality, it is difficult to assess the success of these companies since despite positive indications in terms of sales or audience, the companies have often not been profitable. Consider the three major social networks: Bebo, Facebook or MySpace – none of these was profitable at the time of writing. (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

Any quotations used should be relevant to the argument you are making. Short quotations (4 or fewer lines of prose or 3 of verse) can be set in quotation marks and included within the body of the text.

Enclose the quotation within single quotation marks, and then provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as commas, and semi-colons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage, but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

In-text citation

The high burn-rate facing Boo.com was due to an 'imbalance between promotion and site development costs and revenues' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.

In-text citation in the same year

When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxsons, 2001b).

Reference list entries

Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.

Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.

In-text citation in the different years

When referring to two or more sources by the same author in different years, you don’t need to repeat the author's surname in the citation.

Include the surname and the oldest year first, then separate the rest with by semicolons (;) in chronological order starting with the oldest first

(Anderton, 2010; 2011; 2012)

Reference list entries

Anderton, J. (2010). 'Mold cooling: A river runs through it', Canadian Plastics, 68(1), pp. 29.

Anderton, J. (2011). 'Considering corona', Canadian Plastics, 69(2), pp. 30-30.

Anderton, J. (2012). 'Goodbye...and thank you (Or, my last rant)', Canadian Plastics, 70(1), pp. 30-30.

You may want to use evidence gathered from social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn etc. to provide another form of evidence to support your research activity. To reference any tweets, posts or photographs that you find on social networking sites you should follow the relevant examples. 

You should include the network name in square brackets to identify the source.

In-text citation:

This is a self-help group for Open University students who want to improve their skills in referencing. Share your tips - and your frustrations (Open University, 2019)

Reference list entries

Peston, R (2018).  [Twitter] 25 October. Available at: https://twitter.com/Peston (Accessed: 26 October 2018).  

Open University (2019).  Open University referencing help. [Facebook] 13 May. Available at:  https://www.facebook.com/groups/OUReferencinghelp (Accessed: 29 May 2019). 

 If you wish to refer to a specific time within a video, use a time code in your in-text reference, with the format minutes:seconds 

In-text citations:

There was a certain inner fury to (James Stewart) him (Eastwood, 2003, 14:05) 

Reference list entries

Eastwood, C. (2003). Interviewed by Michael Parkinson for Parkinson. BBC Television, 13th November. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdbyBnfKsI4 (Accessed: 11 January 2021). 

Single title or title including sub-title: when your reference is a single item (i.e., does not appear as a part of a larger item, such as a book chapter) then the title is italicised.

Reference list entries

Whitley, R. and Kristensen, P.H. (eds.) (1996). The changing European firm: limits to convergence. London: Routledge.

Part or Chapter title: when your reference is part of a larger (parent) element such as an article from a journal or a chapter of a book or a report then you place this title in single quotations marks not italicised and the parent title is italicised.

Reference list entries

Sandberg, E.A. (2003). 'The face of embeddedness', Proceedings of the 19th IMP conference, University of Lugano, Switzerland. 4th – 6th September 2003. Lugano: IMP Group, pp. 237-253. 

Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76. 

Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.)  The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304. 

Malcolm, N. (2012). ‘Introduction’, In Hobbes, T.  Leviathan. Malcolm, N. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-6. 

Reference list entries

Bruckberger, M.C. and Walsh, T. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.

Anderton, L., Hodkinson, C. and Theis, A. (2018). The relationship between leadership styles and perceived workplace spirituality in the modern academic setting. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.

In-text citations;

Year Known: when year is known this is entered in parenthesis

...(Author, year). 

Author (2022) argues that… 

Year Unknown: use no date  

...(Morse and Lewis, no date) 

Morse and Lewis (no date) argues that…