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The United Kingdom has improved its legislative protections of the environment (Environment Act 2021).
Environment Act 2021. Available at: https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2593 (Accessed: 15 September 2023).
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There is a long history of equine imagery across numerous cultures (Specialist Library Support, 2019).
Specialist Library Support (2019). 'Getting started with EndNote desktop', Referencing Support, 05 August 2019. Available at: https://medium.com/specialist-library-support/endnote-desktop-getting-started-e199b1f9e525 (Accessed: 16 November).
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There is a long history of equine imagery across numerous cultures (Baskett, 2006).
Haniff and Salama (2016) describe the importance of stakeholder buy-in when commencing large-scale, global projects.
Baskett, J. (2006). The horse in art. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Haniff, A. & Salama, M. (2016). Project Management. Global Management Series Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers, Limited.
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Delibes, M. (2013) describes childhood in a Spanish village.
Delibes, M. (2013). The Path. Translated by Haycraft, G. and Haycraft, R. London: Dolphin Books.
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Active EndNote fields: Institution, Year, Rule Number, Title, Place Published, Publisher, Database Provider, Type of Work, URL or DOI, Access Date
(British Standards Institution, 2014)
British Standards Institution (2014). BS ISO 14886: Ships and marine technology. Large yachts. Structural fire protection for FRP yachts. London. British Standards Institution. [Seagoing vessels]. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/55260.html (Accessed: 12 June 2023).
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Fictional vampires problematise received notions of women’s passivity, ‘natural’ nurturing skills and social conformity. (Wisker, 2016).
Wisker, G. (2016). 'Female Vampirism', in Horner, A. and Zlosnik, S. (eds.) Women and the Gothic: An Edinburgh Companion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 150-165.
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(Department for International Development, 2009) describes attempts to “unbundle higher education”, in the context of hybrid postgraduate programmes based on MOOC approaches.
Bloomberg (2022). Bloomberg Professional. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: 30 November 2022).
CRSP/Compustat Merged (2022). CRSP/Compustat Merged. Center for Research in Security Prices. Available at: WRDS https://wrds-web.wharton.upenn.edu/wrds/ (Accessed: 14 November 2022).
Fame (2022). Fame. Bureau van Dijk. Available at: https://fame2.bvdep.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2022).
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(Department for International Development, 2009) describes attempts to “unbundle higher education”, in the context of hybrid postgraduate programmes based on MOOC approaches.
Department for International Development (2009). Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future [White Paper] (Cm 7656). Surrey, UK: Secretary of State for International Development. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/eliminating-world-poverty-building-our-common-future (Accessed: 12 June 2023).
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Active EndNote fields: Author, Year of Conference, Title, Editor, Conference Name, Conference Location, Date Year of Conference, Place Published, Publisher, Pages, URL or DOI, Access Date
Amado-Salvatierra et al. (2018) describes attempts to “unbundle higher education”, in the context of hybrid postgraduate programmes based on MOOC approaches.
Amado-Salvatierra, H. R., et al. (2018). 'Unbundling higher education with internationalization. Experiences from two hybrid postgraduate degrees using MOOCs', Proceedings of 2018 Learning with MOOCS (IEEE LWMOOCS 2018): MOOCS For All - a Social and International Approach, Madrid, Spain. 26-28 September 2018. pp. 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWMOOCS.2018.8534684.
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Active EndNote fields: Composer, Year, Title, Album Title, Format of Music, Place Published, Publisher, URL or DOI, Access Date
In the single How soon is now by The Smiths (1985) the tremolo effect was inspired by the work of Bo Didley.
The Smiths (1985). 'How Soon Is Now?', Hatful of Hollow [Record]. London: Rough Trade.
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The role of leadership in embedding sustainable practices in higher education should not be understated (Haddock-Fraser, Rands and Scoffham, 2018).
Haddock-Fraser, J., Rands, P. and Scoffham, S. (2018). Leadership for Sustainability in Higher Education. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/manchester/detail.action?docID=5394335 (Accessed: 03 June 2024).
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There is a long history of equine imagery across numerous cultures (Stringer, 1996).
Stringer, J. (ed.) (1996). The Oxford companion to twentieth-century literature in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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We have exactly six months, ten days, two hours, 11 minutes and 41 seconds, until a comet twice the size of Chicxulub tears through our atmosphere and extincts all life on Earth (McKay, 2021).
Don't Look Up. (2021). Directed by Mckay, A. [Stream]. United States of America: Netflix.
Active EndNote fields: Investigators, Year, Title of Grant, Sponsoring Agency. Duration of Grant, Pages, URL or DOI, Access Date
In the proposal...(Summers, 2021).
Summers, J. (2021) Knowledge transfer partnerships (KTP): 2021 to 2022, round 1 - Innovation area: Biosciences, Innovation Funding Service. 24 Months, pp. 1-32. Available at: https://apply-for-innovation-funding.service.gov.uk/application/10003582 (Accessed: 02 September 2024).
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The UK guidelines (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2016) estimate that....
NICE (2016) guidelines state that the conduct of care...
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2016). Preterm labour and birth (QS135). Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs135/resources/preterm-labour-and-birth-pdf-75545420722117 (Accessed: 25 May 2022).
Ibid is generally only used in numeric citation styles and/or styles containing footnotes such as Chicago and MHRA. We do not recommend the use of Ibid in Harvard referencing unless otherwise directed by your school.
Illustrations fall into two main categories, that of figures and tables.
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Figure 1 displays the chosen mascot for the 2018 World Cup (FIFA.com, 2016).
Place the caption directly below the image using the following information:
Figure1: Zabivaka 2018 FIFA World Cup Mascot (Source: FIFA.com, 2016)
FIFA.com (2016). Official mascot ZabivakaTM [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/mascot (Accessed: 20 June 2017).
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Active EndNote fields: Interviewee, Year, Title, Interviewee, Interviewer for Program, Date, Format, Pages
Client A (2020) explained that…
[Client A] (2020). 'Discussions about their care', [interview] Manchester: hospital placement Unpublished.
NOTE: Some anecdotal evidence may not need to be recorded in the reference list. You should discuss this with your supervisor. You may be asked to verify your sources to your tutor if the sources are questioned.
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Amis (2001) suggested that interviews…
Amis, K. (2001). 'In conversation with... Kingsley Amis'. Interview with Amis, K. Interviewed by Self, W. for The Independent, p. 73.
NOTE: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.
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In an interview with David Frost, Clough commented that 'the last time I was employed, I rather got my fingers burned' (Clough, 1974).
Clough, B. (1974). 'Brian Clough'. Interview with Clough, B. Interviewed by Frost, D. for The Frost Interview, BBC Television, 13 November, Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00ny04k/the-frost-interview-brian-clough (Accessed: 18 January 2024).
Note: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.
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Tanzila, Lindri and Putri (2020) demonstrated the link between low impact exercise and improved cognitive abilities among elderly dementia patients.
These remarkably different hopane compositions can be explained by the fact that MECO and SEACO are derived from carbonate (marine) and lacustrine/deltaic shale (nonmarine) source rocks, respectively (Zakaria et al, 2000)
Tanzila, R. A., Lindri, S. Y. & Putri, N. R. (2020). ‘The Effect of Low Impact Aerobic Exercise on Elderly with Dementia Cognitive Function’, Global Medical & Health Communication, 8 (1), pp. 73-77. https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v8i1.5462.
Zakaria, M. P., et al. (2000). ‘Oil Pollution in the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia: Application of Molecular Markers for Source Identification’ Environmental Science & Technology, 34 (7), pp. 1189-1196 Available at: https://manchester.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/oil-pollution-straits-malacca-malaysia/docview/17659659/se-2?accountid=12253 (Accessed: 21 March 2024).
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Achten et al. (2024) argues that the need for...
Achten, J., et al. (2024). 'Protocol for Surgery or Cast of the EpicoNdyle in Children's Elbows (SCIENCE)', Bone & Joint Open, 5(1), pp. 69-77, NLM [Preprint] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38269598/ (Accessed: 25 January 2024).
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at that point Mandela (2013) commented that
Mandela, N. (2013). Long Walk to Freedom: Abacus 40th Anniversary edition. Kindle. Available at: Amazon.co.uk.
NOTE: ebooks often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead to indicate the location of a quoted section.
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Another case is 'Revenue and Customs v. Smith' (2017)
'Revenue and Customs v. Smith' (2007). Royal Courts of Justice, Case: CH/2006/APP/0767. BAILII Available at: https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2007/488.html&query=(ewhc)+AND+(2007)+AND+(488) (Accessed: 18 May 2020).
Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style.
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Active EndNote fields: Author, Year, Title of Work, Type of Work, Series Title, Institution, Place Published, URL or DOI, Access Date
The lecturer’s handout (Anderton, 2017)…
Anderton, L. (2024). 'The rise and fall of the mechanised world' [Lecturer handout]. MECH66569: Reinventing Mechanisation. University of Manchester. Unpublished.
Booth, L. (2011). 'History of radiography', [PowerPoint presentation]. MISR4004: Patient care skills: an introduction to human sciences. University of Cumbria. Available at: https://mylearning.cumbria.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 January 2023).
Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style
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Active EndNote fields: Author (Year). Title. Collection Title [Description of Material] At: Institution, Library/Archive. Volume/Storage Container Manuscript Number. Folio Number. `Available at:` URL| (`Accessed:` Access Date)|.
'his soul: 'Unto thee lift I up my soul' (Scriptorium of Salisbury Cathedral, 1240-1260)
Scriptorium of Salisbury Cathedral (1240-1260). Common of Saints. Sarum Missal [Manuscript]. At: University of Manchester, The John Rylands Research Institute and Library. Latin MS 24. 157r. Available at: https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/MS-LATIN-00024/393 (Accessed: 24 October 2024).
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Active EndNote fields: Cartographer, Year, Title, Scale, Name of Database, Database Provider, Place Published, Publisher, URL or DOI, Access Date
as you can see from the air Burlington street is interrupted by the library extension (Google Maps, 2018)
Ordinance Survey. (2018). University of Manchester Library, SJ 84509 96452. 1:25 000. Available at: https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/53.46459,-2.23480,18/pin (Accessed: 13 November 2018).
Google Maps. (2018). University of Manchester Library. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.4637019,-2.2363183,396m/data=!3m1!1e3 (Accessed: 13 November 2018).
Google Maps. (2018). The John Rylands Library, University of Manchester. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/@53.4803048,-2.2483242,3a,75y,284.39h,110.31t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sxScudi5YHow8fS_FU3GPoA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 (Accessed: 9 November 2020).
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as you can see, the decline of woodland is evident (Natural England, 2017)
Natural England. (2017). Map of deciduous woodland in North Yorkshire. Scale 1cm = 1km. Deciduous woodland BAP priority habitat (England) datafile. Using: Explorer for ArcGIS. Redlands, CA: Esri.
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...at that point the General Microfilm Company (1971) discussed the legacy of the French revolution.
General Microfilm Company (1971). French Revolutionary pamphlets [Microfiche]. Massachusetts: Watertown Publishing.
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The media has promoted the link between older people living a healthy lifestyle and the reduced chances of dementia (Gregory, 2023).
Gregory, A. (2023). 'Six lifestyle choices to slow memory decline named in 10-year study', The Guardian, 25 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jan/25/six-lifestyle-choices-to-slow-memory-decline-named-in-10-year-study (Accessed 25 September 2023).
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In determining the relation of botantical starch agents Kruger (1989) reflects that....
Kruger, L. H. (1989). Degradation of granular starch. Patent no. us4838944. Available at: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4838944 (Accessed: 12 June 2023).
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Figure 1: Photograph of Back Street, Manchester (Sylvia Melland, 1935)
The captured images shadowed over the landscape from Andertione (2024)
Melland, S. (1935). Back Street, Manchester [Photograph]. Available at: https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/back-street-manchester-205576 (Accessed: 05 July 2024).
Andertione, L. (2024). Vista de la mort [Photograph]. Available at: www.andertionephotography.fr (Accessed: 07 February 2024).
See examples Self-citation and Illustrations on the Harvard Manchester page for more examples.
Note: In theory, you do not need to cite and reference a photograph that you have taken yourself as you are the creator of the photograph.
However, if you are inserting the photo into your work, you would need to add a caption beneath any illustration within the main body of your work, ie, giving the photo a title, as follows:
Figure 1: Title of photo.
You would then refer to the photo in the main body of your text, to explain why you have included it in your work, for example:
Figure 1 shows…
There are exceptions to when you would need to cite and reference photographs you have taken yourself, which are when the photograph is of a source of information, for example archive material, a poster created by someone else, or a work of art in a museum or gallery which you are referring to in your work. In this case, you should cite and reference the source itself.
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Is it financially feasible for the UK to contribute towards designing and building new space stations (BBC World Service, 2019).
BBC World Service (2019). Do we need more space stations? [Podcast]. 02 June Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3csz1td (Accessed 02 September 2019).
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Active EndNote fields: Author, Year, Title of Work, Type of Work, Series Title, Institution, Place Published, URL or DOI, Access Date
The lecturer’s handout (Anderton, 2017)…
Anderton, L. (2017). ‘The rise and fall of the mechanised world’, [PowerPoint presentation]. MECH66569: Reinventing Mechanisation. University of Manchester. Unpublished.
Booth, L. (2011). 'History of radiography' [PowerPoint presentation]. MISR4004: Patient care skills: an introduction to human sciences. University of Cumbria. Available at: https://mylearning.cumbria.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 January 2023).
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More recently, companies such as GSK have been stating how their activities connect with the UN’s ’17 Goals’ (GSK, 2023).
GSK (2023). Our Contribution to the SDGs. Available at: https://www.gsk.com/media/9976/our-contribution-to-the-sdgs.pdf (Accessed:13 October 2023).
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factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions are determined by...(Alumna, 2023)
Alumna, U. (2023). 'The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions' PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. University of Manchester. Unpublished essay.
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The John Rylands Library (part of the University of Manchester Library) promulgates the parallels between mood and composition (The University of Manchester Library, 2018).
We can trace the release of media information on Ken's branded underwear to Pop Crave (2023).
The University of Manchester Library (2018). Darkness and Light: Exploring the Gothic [YouTube]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHaf6ZeJlP8&t=0s&list=PL5JZDOVO6NB9wdfu_uIQyzcu8r6f7ugc2&index=4 (Accessed: 15 November 2018).
Pop Crave (2023). The #Barbie costume design team “rushed to make” Ryan Gosling his own Ken-branded underwear... [Twitter] 11:28 pm · 12 Jun 2023. Available at: https://twitter.com/PopCrave/status/1668384726347055104 (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
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Active EndNote fields: Programmer, Year, Title, Version, Type, URL or DOI, Access Date
Posing ChatGPT the question 'does ChatGPT aid academic malpractice?', the AI turns the responsibility to the user, stating "it is up to the user to decide how to use ChatGPT and it is not intended to be used for any nefarious purposes, including academic malpractice” (Open Ai, 2022).
Open AI (2022). ChatGPT (version GPT3). [Computer Programme]. Available at: https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ (Accessed: 13 December 2022).
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Kuti, B. P., et al. (2023) describes hand hygiene as an integral part...
Kuti, B. P., et al. (2023). 'Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Systematic Review]. (6), CD013326. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013326.pub4.
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In the Seagull programme from the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015) production we can view....
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015, [theatre programme]. Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London.
St. Martin's Theatre Company (2023). The Mousetrap, 18 September 2023, [Theatre Programme]. St. Martin's Theatre: London. Available at: https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/.
OR if quoting a particular article within the programme
According to Marsh (2015) Chekov's inspiration was borne of...
Marsh (2015) 'Spotlight on the author', in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015. [theatre programme].Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London, p.17.
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Active EndNote fields: Author, Year, Title, Degree Thesis Type, University, Place Published, URL or DOI, Access Date
The research demonstrates how Oscar Wilde influenced W.B.Yeats (Doody, 2001)
Doody, N. (2001). Severed heads: the influence of Oscar Wilde on W. B. Yeats. unpublished doctoral thesis, Trinity College, Dublin. Available at: https://manchester.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.manchester.idm.oclc.org/dissertations-theses/severed-heads-influence-oscar-wilde-on-w-b-yeats/docview/301554606/se-2?accountid=12253 (Accessed: 10 July 2023).
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The United Nations’ (2023) 17 goals include a commitment to “end poverty in all its forms everywhere.”
United Nations (2023). The 17 goals. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (Accessed: 7 September 2023).
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'The Andertons of Lostock were descended from the ancient family of Euxton Hall, near Chorley, Lancashire' (‘Anderton baronets’, 2016).
Place the article title in single quotation marks. You will find information on when the page was last updated at the foot of the page
'Anderton baronets', (2016). Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anderton_baronets (Accessed: 01 November 2018).
Disclaimer
This document is intended to provide guidance on referencing styles. Please note that the information contained within is subject to change. While we strive to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the content, we recommend regularly checking for updates to ensure compliance with the latest standards and practices. The authors and publishers are not responsible for any discrepancies or errors that may arise from the use of this document.