Referencing guide at the University of Manchester: Harvard Manchester

If the author’s work appears as a chapter within part of a larger work that is edited by somebody else (quite common with academic textbooks), use the author of the chapter for the citation within your text. You will however, need to provide the full bibliographic details in your works cited list (See section above: Chapter from an edited book for further details).

In-text citation

Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.

Reference list entry

Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.) The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304.

Cite both names and separate with a semi-colon.

In-text citations

This is usually dependant on the flow of your assignment, here are two examples:

Hollensen (2017) and Palmer (2018) are in agreement about the importance of service-led marketing.

Service led marketing should form an important part of an organisation’s overall marketing strategy (Hollensen, 2017; Palmer, 2018).
 

NB: Chronological order (earliest date first) of year before surname, if the same year then revert to alphabetical order.

If two or more authors have the same surname then you need to provide more information to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. You should provide both author’s first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.

In-text citations

Same surnamed author in different years

(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2010)

Same surnamed same year

(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2015)

Same surnamed  same initial

(Aaron Anderton, 2015; Alan Anderton, 2016)

When you wish to refer to a source that is cited or quoted in another authors work  then you need to acknowledge this. This is known as indirect or secondary referencing.

Use the term 'cited in' or 'quoted in' within your work. 

Nota bene: it is always preferable to cite the original source when possible.

In-text citations

Vampirism is described as ‘an epidemical disease of the brain, as dangerous and infectious as the madness of dogs’ (Tournefort, 1702 cited in Aquilina, 2013).

If the work is by a recognised organisation, and has no personal author, then use the organisation’s name for the citation.

If the name is well known then initials are acceptable. e.g. (BBC, 2018).

If the author title is quite lengthy you may want to spell out the name so that you can initialise it later in your work.

In-text citation

In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).

In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).

If the author’s name forms a natural part of your sentence, then you just need to note the relevant year (within parentheses) after the author(s) name.

In-text citation

Boatright (2008) argues that there are six questions that need consideration, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in a case.

For the citation:

• when there are four or more authors, write the last name of the first author, followed by et al., whenever you cite the source.

For the reference list:

• when there are four or more authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by the phrase et al. 

In-text citations

(Bruckberger et al., 2020)

Reference list entries

Bruckberger, M.C., et al. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.

If you do not mention the author’s name within your text, then place both the name and year in parentheses, at the end of the sentence, In-text citation

There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright, 2008).

To omit part of a quotation use an ellipsis (...).

In-text quotations

'Consider the three major social networks … none of these was profitable at the time of writing' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

You can insert your own words into the quotation by putting them in square brackets.

Jones notes that 'in these areas the larger [tobacco] companies often act the most irresponsibly' (2005).

If the original quotation contains errors (e.g. a spelling mistake) do not correct it. Instead point out the errors by writing [sic], The Latin adverb sic ('thus', 'just as'; in full: sic erat scriptum, 'thus was it written') e.g.

Williams (2008, p. 86) noted that ‘Johnson maid [sic] a mistake’.

Nota bene: Be consistent, you can use double or single quotations marks within your work, we suggest...

• Use single quotation marks ('...') to indicate direct quotations and the definition of words.
• Double quotation marks (“…”) are used for a quote within a quote.

Required elements

The required elements would be those of the type of source the material is e.g. book or journal etc...If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.

In-text citation:

When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxson, 2001b).

Reference list entries:

Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.

Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.

If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised.

Within the reference list it appears alphabetically by it's title.

In-text citation

The report highlights how health and wellbeing is already being eroded by day-to-day pressures. (A place to grow, 2018).

The phrase “no date” should be used if you cannot identify a date of publication.

In-text citation

Cosgrove (no date) states that total sales measures are often used to assess overall trends within the retail sector

Total sales measure is used to assess market level trends in retail sales (Cosgrove, no date).

If you wish to use references that are non-roman scripts such as Arabic or Chinese texts it is recommended that you include a translated version of the title in square brackets after the original language version.

In-text citation

(Brustad, 1995)

Brustad, (2006, pp.1-22).

In Brustad's  ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds] the author describes the ... (1985)

Ge (1996 p. 27) describes Beijing in the book Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China] as being one of the wonders of the world.

Reference list entries

Brustad, K. (1995). ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.

Brustad, K. (2006). Al-kitāb fī taʻallum al ʻarabīyyah [A Textbook for Beginning Arabic]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University press.

Ge, X. (1996). Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.

Ge, X. (1996). 中国地名胜古迹 [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.

For the citation:

• when there are two or three authors, list all the authors whenever you cite the source using 'and' for the last author.

For the reference list:

• when there are two or three authors, list all the authors including initials using 'and' for the last author.

In-text citations

(Davidson, 1996)

(Bruckberger and Walsh, 2020)

(Anderton, Hodkinson and Theis, 2017)

Reference list entries

Bruckberger, M.C. and Walsh, T. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.

Anderton, L., Hodkinson, C. and Theis, A. (2018). The relationship between leadership styles and perceived workplace spirituality in the modern academic setting. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.

If you are quoting directly or using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you must also include the page number(s) within your citation. Insert the abbreviation p. or pp. (for multiple pages) before the page number(s).

In-text citation

Chaffey (2011, p. 30) provides a useful definition of E-government…

There are four major causes of inequality within the globalized system (Scholte, 2005, pp. 316 – 344).

Required elements

• Author/editor.
• Year of original publication (in round brackets).
• Title of book (in italics).
• Reprint or facsimile
• Place of reprint or facsimile publication: reprint or facsimile publisher.
• Year of reprint or facsimile

In-text citation

‘Actual happiness always looks pretty squalid in comparison with the overcompensations for misery’ (Huxley, 1932 p.188).

Reference list entry

Huxley, A. (1932). Brave new world. Reprint, London: Everyman's Library, 2013.

Required elements

• Student surname.
• Year of submission in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title of the essay/assignment, in single quotation marks
• Module code:module title , in italics.
• Institution.
• Unpublished essay/assignment.

In-text citation

The topic of the essay (Alumna, 2017)

Reference list entry

Alumna, Una (2017). '‘The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term  psychological conditions.’ PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. Unpublished essay/assignment.

Longer quotations need to be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main text. You do not need to use quotation marks.

In-text quotation

Chaffey describes how it can be difficult to assess the success of e-businesses:

Internet pureplay companies are often perceived as dynamic and successful owing to the rapid increase in visitors to sites, or sales, or due to initial valuations on stock markets. In reality, it is difficult to assess the success of these companies since despite positive indications in terms of sales or audience, the companies have often not been profitable. Consider the three major social networks: Bebo, Facebook or MySpace – none of these was profitable at the time of writing. (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

Any quotations used should be relevant to the argument you are making. Short quotations (4 or fewer lines of prose or 3 of verse) can be set in quotation marks and included within the body of the text.

Enclose the quotation within single quotation marks, and then provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as commas, and semi-colons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage, but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

In-text citation

The high burn-rate facing Boo.com was due to an 'imbalance between promotion and site development costs and revenues' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).

If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.

In-text citation in the same year

When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxsons, 2001b).

Reference list entries

Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.

Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.

In-text citation in the different years

When referring to two or more sources by the same author in different years, you don’t need to repeat the author's surname in the citation.

Include the surname and the oldest year first, then separate the rest with by semicolons (;) in chronological order starting with the oldest first

(Anderton, 2010; 2011; 2012)

Reference list entries

Anderton, J. (2010). 'Mold cooling: A river runs through it', Canadian Plastics, 68(1), pp. 29.

Anderton, J. (2011). 'Considering corona', Canadian Plastics, 69(2), pp. 30-30.

Anderton, J. (2012). 'Goodbye...and thank you (Or, my last rant)', Canadian Plastics, 70(1), pp. 30-30.

Required elements

• Title of the Act including year and chapter number (in italics).

• Country/jurisdiction (only when referencing more than one country's legislation)

• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

In-text citation: (for whole Act)

...the latest legislation (Equality Act 2010)...

.

Reference list entry: (for whole Act)

Equality Act 2010, c.15. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf/ (Accessed: 29 November 2018).

In-text citation: (section of Act)

....as defined in section 1(6) of the (Equality Act 2010)....

Reference list entry: (section of Act)

Equality Act 2010, c.15. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/introduction

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year (published or last updated) in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of the message: only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. In single quotations followed by a comma.
• Title of the internet site italicised, followed by a comma.
• Day/Month the message was posted or updated.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

Use the name provided by the author of the blog post (even if this is informal or an alias). Put the title of the post in single quotation marks and the blog title in italics.

In-text citation:

Mark Greenwood (2011) commented that risk free rate can 'depend on the context of use'.

Reference list entry:

Greenwood, M. (2011). ‘Risk Free Rate for UK and US’, Business Research Plus, 25 August. Available at: https://bizlib247.wordpress.com/ (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: full title italicised. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: follows a colon at the end of the full title. Only proper nouns should be capitalized. Followed by a full stop.
• Edition: only include if it is not a first edition. Use the relevant number followed by “edn.” e.g. 4th edn.
• Place of publication: give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK. Follow with a colon.
• Publisher: publisher name followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

According to Boatright (2006, p. 27) whistle-blowing is more common than the general population might realise…
Hirst and Thompson (1999) identify enormous variations between countries in terms of the importance of foreign holdings.
There are a number of similarities between the business and consumer market sectors (Kotler et al., 2005).

Reference list entry:

Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Lerner, J., Hardymon, F. and Leamon, A. (2009). Venture capital and private equity: A casebook. 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

N.B. when there are four authors, list all the authors including initials. When there are five or more authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by the phrase et al. 

Required elements

Always reference the translation you have read:

• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: Full title italicised. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: Follows a colon at the end of the full title. Only proper nouns should be capitalised. Followed by a full stop.
• Translated by...
• Place of publication: Give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK. Follow with a colon
• Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

Delibes, M. (2013) describes childhood in a Spanish village.

Reference list entry:

Delibes, M. (2013). The path. Translated by G. and R. Haycraft. London: Dolphin Books.

Required elements

• Name of publishing organisation:.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: number and title of standard italicised followed by a full stop.
• Place of publication followed by a full stop.
• Publisher followed by a full stop.
  If viewed online
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

at that point the BSO (2014)...

Reference list entry:

British Standards Institution (2014). BS ISO 14886:2014 Ships and marine technology. Large yachts. Structural fire protection for FRP yachts. London. British Standards Institution.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Initials: in capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title of chapter. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. in single quotations followed by a comma.
• Book editor(s) initials and surname(s) followed by (ed.) or (eds.).
• Title of book italicised.
• Place of publication: followed by a colon.
• Publisher: followed by a comma.
• Page numbers: followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.

Reference list entry:

Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.) The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304.

Required elements

• Company name
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Database name
• [Online] followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

Reference list entry:

Bloomberg (2012). Bloomberg Professional. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: 30 November 2012).

CRSP/Compustat Merged (2012). CRSP/Compustat Merged. Center for Research in Security Prices. [Online]. Available at: WRDS https://wrds-web.wharton.upenn.edu/wrds/ (Accessed: 14 November 2012).

Datastream (2012). Thomson Reuters Datastream. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: November 2012).

Fame (2012). Fame. Bureau van Dijk. [Online]. Available at: https://fame2.bvdep.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).

Orbis (2012). Orbis. Bureau van Dijk. [Online]. Available at: https://orbis2.bvdep.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).

SDC Platinum (2012). SDC Platinum. Thomson Reuters. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: November 2012).

Thomson One Banker (2012). Thomson One Banker. Thomson Reuters. [Online]. Available at: https://banker.thomsonib.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).

Required elements

• Company name
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Annual report name italicised.
• [Online] followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

GM’s profits declined even further during the financial year ending in 2004 (General Motors, 2005).

Reference list entry:

General Motors (2005). 2004 Annual report [Online]. Available at: https://www.companythumbs.co.uk/ReportByCompanyG100.asp?shareCode=GM&arYear=2004 (Accessed: 26 October 2011)

Required elements

• Company name.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Annual report name italicised
• Place of publication: publisher followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

GM’s profits declined even further during the financial year ending in 2004 (General Motors, 2005).

Reference list entry:

General Motors (2005). 2004 Annual report Detroit: General Motors.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• 'Title of article' followed by comma.
• Full title of conference. Italicised followed by comma.
• Location & date of conference: each followed by a full stop.
• Publisher followed by a full stop.
• Page number followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

Concrete empirical accounts of the concept of embeddedness can also be found in a paper presented at the same conference (Sandberg, 2003).

Reference list entry:

Sandberg, E.A. (2003). 'The face of embeddedness', Proceedings of the 19th IMP conference, University of Lugano, Switzerland. 4th – 6th September 2003. IMP Group. pp. 12-103.  Available at: https://www.impgroup.org/papers.php (Accessed: 26 October 2011).

Required elements

• Author: surname with a capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• 'Title of article' followed by comma.
• Full title of conference italicised followed by a comma.
• Location & date of conference: followed by a full stop.
• Publisher followed by a comma.
• Page number followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Concrete empirical accounts of the concept of embeddedness can also be found in a paper presented at the same conference (Sandberg, 2003).

Reference list entry:

Sandberg, E.A. (2003). 'The face of embeddedness', Proceedings of the 19th IMP conference, University of Lugano, Switzerland. 4th – 6th September 2003. Lugano: IMP Group, pp. 237-253.

Required elements

• Author: Name of the artist with capital letter, followed by comma. (If no author provided use the title of the organization).
• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: Publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Full title of Album - italics.
• Type of medium:  should be indicated in square brackets.
• Producer: followed by comma.
• Name of distributor: followed by full stop.

In-text citation:
 

Reference list entry:

Brassens, Georges, Les Trompettes de la renommée (1973, Polydor)

For a single song  - Artist name, ‘Song title’, Album title (producer/distributor, date)

Brassens, Georges, ‘Fernande’, Les Trompettes de la renommée (1973, Polydor)

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals followed by a full stop.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: full title italicised. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised, followed by a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Name of e-book provider: (e.g. Dawsonera, Knovel) followed by a full stop.
• [Online], followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

Baker and Hart (2008, pp. 109 -244) provided a new framework for marketing activities.

Reference list entry:

Baker, M. and Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. 6th edn. Elsevier Ltd. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 26 October 2011).

Nota bene: When an eBook is a facsimile of the printed item with the same publication details and pagination you can reference it as a standard book.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Editor(s) in parentheses.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: full title italicised. Edition (if not 1st edition).. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Location of publication: give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK. Follow with a colon.
• Publisher: publisher name followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Changes in EU legislation provided extra logistical challenges for these firms (Whitley and Kristenesen, 1996)

Reference list entry:

Whitley, R. and Kristensen, P.H. (eds.) (1996). The changing European firm: limits to convergence. London: Routledge.

Required elements

• Full title of film in italicised.
• Year: release year in parenthesis followed by a full stop.
• Full name of director formatted by forename surname
• Type of medium: should be indicated in square brackets followed by a full stop.
• Place of distribution/production: followed by a colon.
• Name of distributor/production company: followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Having split a 310 page book into three films, the second movie entitled The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014), centred around the reclamation of the lonely mountain…

Reference list entry:

The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014). Directed by Peter Jackson [DVD]. California: Warner Home Video.

Required elements

• Author: name of government department.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop
• Title: full title italicised. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised followed by a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Place of publication: give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK followed a colon.
• Publisher: publisher.
• Series: series (in brackets) - if applicable.

If viewed online

• Available at: URL.
• Accessed: date.

In-text citation:

A recent study (Department of Health, 2009, p.24.) stated that '62,000 patients waited for more than 8 weeks before receiving an outpatient appointment'.

Reference list entry:

Department of Health (2009). NHS inpatient and outpatient waiting times. London: The Stationery Office. London: Routledge.

Department of Health (2009). NHS inpatient and outpatient waiting times. Available at: https://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/552-nhs-inpatient-and-outpatient-waiting-times-figures-31st-january-2009 (Accessed: 4 December 2013). London: Routledge.

Department for Children, Schools and Families (2010). Children and Young Persons, England, The Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 (No.959) Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/959/schedule/1/made (Accessed: 10 January 2019).

Ibid is generally only used in numeric citation styles and/or styles containing footnotes such as Chicago and MHRA. We do not recommend the use of  Ibid in Harvard referencing unless otherwise directed by your school.

Illustrations fall into two main categories: that of figures and tables.

1. Figures: book illustrations, figures diagrams logos
2. Tables: text and or numbers arranged in rows and columns

Required elements

• Author/Creator: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals followed by a full-stop.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: full title italicised followed by a full stop. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. (unless there is a subtitle).
• Place of publication: give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK, by a colon.
• Publisher: publisher’s name followed by a full stop.
• Page reference: the page number the illustration appears on.
• Type of medium: illustration/figure/diagram/table/logo/mascot Enclosed in square brackets, followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Figure 1 displays the chosen mascot for the 2018 World Cup (FIFA.com, 2016). 

In-text caption:

Place the caption directly below the image using the following information:

• Number: Use italics for the word 'Figure' followed by a sequential number (assuming you are using more than one image).
• Title: Give the image a brief, descriptive title.
• Source: The creator or owner of the image and its year of creation, preceded by the word Source: and enclosed in parentheses.

Figure1: Zabivaka 2018 FIFA World Cup Mascot (Source: FIFA.com, 2016)

Reference list entry:

FIFA.com (2016). Official mascot Zabivaka^TM [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/mascot (Accessed: 20 June 2017).

Required elements

• Participants are listed as Participant/Client/Patient A, B, C etc. and presented in [square brackets] 
• You then cite the year in (round brackets) 
• State the title  
• The medium [in square brackets] 
• Location - this may be "hospital placement" 
• Unpublished followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Client A (2020) explained that…

Reference list entry:

[Client A] (2020) 'Discussions about their care'. [interview] Manchester: hospital placement Unpublished.

NOTE: Some anecdotal evidence may not need to be recorded in the reference list. You should discuss this with your supervisor. You may be asked to verify your sources to your tutor if the sources are questioned. 

Required elements

• Name of interviewee.
• Year of interview in parenthesis followed by a full stop.
• Title of interview (if any) in single quotation marks followed by a full stop.
• Interview with interviewee’s name followed by a full stop.
• Interviewed by interviewer’s name.
• Title of publication or broadcast italicised.
• Day and month of interview.
• Page number (if applicable) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Anderton (2017) suggested that interviews…

Reference list entry:

Anderton, L (2017). ‘The Anderton interview’ . Interview with Lea Anderton. Interviewed by Will Self for The Independent, 25, September, p. 73.

NOTE: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.

Required elements

• Name of interviewee.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year of interview in parenthesis followed by a full stop.
• Interview with interviewee’s name followed by a full stop.
• Interviewed by interviewer’s name.
• For Title of publication or broadcast italicised.
• Day and month of interview followed by a full stop.
  If viewed online
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed date) : followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

In an interview with David Frost, Clough commented that 'the last time I was employed, I rather got my fingers burned' (Clough, 1974).

Reference list entry:

Clough, B. (1974). Interviewed by David Frost for The Frost Interview - Brian Clough. BBC Television, 13th November.

Clough, B. (1974). Interviewed by David Frost for The Frost Interview - Brian Clough. BBC Television, 13th November. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00ny04k/the-frost-interview-brian-clough (Accessed: 31 October 2018).

NOTE: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of article: in single quotations followed by a comma.
• Full title of journal: in italics followed by a comma.
• Volume number: (issue/part number) followed by a comma.
• Page numbers: followed by a full stop.
• DOI or Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop. This is optional for DOI's as the article should be stable and not change.

For electronic versions you will need to provide sufficient information so others can find the same article. Most commonly this will have been through one of the library’s bibliographic databases. You can however also access journal articles freely online or via a repository such as e-scholar. You only need to provide these extra details if you are unsure whether people will easily be able to locate the source you have cited.

Bibliographic databases

Add the following information:

• Name of database and provider: italicised.
• [Online]: followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76. Business Source Premier via EBSCO Host [Online]. Available at: https://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Online

Provide the full URL from where you accessed the article, eg.

Hamblin, Y. (2005). ‘Library and information management employability skills: LIMES’, Sconul Focus, 35 (Summer / Autumn 2005), pp. 35-47. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sconul.ac.uk/publications/newsletter/35/4.rtf (Accessed: 6 May 2008).

Anderton, A. (2015). 'Displaced Music: The Ex-Concentration Camp Orchestra in Postwar Germany', Journal of Musicological Research, 34(2), pp. 141-159. Available at: doi:10.1080/01411896.2015.1020249.

Repository

Provide the name of the repository in italics, eg.

Schlegelmilch, B. and Sinkovics, R. (1998). ‘Marketing in the information age - Can we plan for an unpredictable future?’, International Marketing Review, 15(3), pp. 162-170, Manchester eScholar Services [Online]. Available at: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with full-stop after each, followed by a comma.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of article: in single quotations followed by a comma.
• Full title of journal: in italics each word capitalised except for linking words followed by comma.
• If known - Volume number: (Issue/Part number) followed by a comma.
• [Preprint].
• Available at: URL or DOI (digital object identifier).
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

Hsu (2016)...

Reference list entry

Hsu, W.Y., (2016). ‘An integrated-mental brainwave system for analyses and judgments of consumer preference’, Telematics and Informatics [Preprint]. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.11.002 (Accessed: 06 February 2017).

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of article: in single quotations followed by a comma.
• Full title of journal: in italics followed by a comma.
• Volume number: (Issue/Part number) followed by a comma.
• Page numbers: followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

The Cynefin framework allows leaders to see things from new viewpoints (Snowden and Boone, 2007, pp. 68-69).

Reference list entry:

Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Type of e-book: Kindle, Nook etc.
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.  (the date you first accessed the e-book)
• The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or where you downloaded the book from if there was no DOI.

In-text citation:

at that point Mandela (2013) commented that 

Reference list entry:

Mandela, N. (2013). Long Walk to Freedom: Abacus 40^th Anniversary edition, Kindle version, accessed: 14 April 2013 from Amazon.com.

NOTE:  ebooks often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead to indicate the location of a quoted section.

Required elements

• Name of parties involved in case (in single quotation marks)
• Year (in round brackets) followed by full stop
• Title of law report(in italics)
• Volume number
• Page numbers

In-text citation

the important case ('R v. Edward (John)', 1991)...,

Reference list

'R v. Edwards (John)' (1991) Weekly Law Reports, 1, pp.207-208.

Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style.

Required elements

• Name of parties involved in case (in single quotation marks)
• Year (in round brackets) followed by full stop
• Court and case number
• Database or website (in italics)
• DOI or Available at: (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

Reference list

'Revenue and Customs v. Smith' (2017). The High Court of Justice, case 488. BAILII. Available at: https://bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/2007/488.html (Accessed: 18 May 2020).

Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style.

Required elements

• Lecturer: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: distribution year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of handout: single quotation marks followed by a comma.
• Module code & module title (in italics) followed by a full stop.
• Institution.
• Status: unpublished.

In-text citation

The lecturer’s handout (Anderton, 2017)… 

Reference list entry

Anderton, L. (2017). ‘The rise and fall of the mechanised world’, MECH66569: Reinventing Mechanisation. University of Manchester. Unpublished.

Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style

Required elements

• Corporate author/map publisher
• Year: Publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Map title: full title italicised followed by a full stop.
• Scale followed by a full stop.
• Datafile title italicised followed by a full stop.
• Using: software name italicised followed by a full stop.
• Place of publication: Publisher followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

as you can see, the decline of woodland is evident (Natural England, 2017)

Reference list entry:

Natural England. (2017). Map of deciduous woodland in North Yorkshire. Scale 1cm = 1km. Deciduous woodland BAP priority habitat (England) datafile. Using: Explorer for ArcGIS. Redlands, CA: Esri.

Required elements

• Author/map publisher followed by a full stop.
• Year: Publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of Map section: full title italicised followed by a comma.
• Sheet number or Tile followed by a full stop.
• Scale.
• Place of publication followed by a full stop.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

as you can see from the air Burlington street is interrupted by the library extension (Google Maps, 2018)

Reference list entry:

Ordinance Survey. (2018). University of Manchester Library, SJ 84509 96452. Available at: https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/53.46459,-2.23480,18/pin (Accessed: 13 November 2018).

Google Maps. (2018). University of Manchester Library. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.4637019,-2.2363183,396m/data=!3m1!1e3 (Accessed: 13 November 2018).

Google Maps. (2018). The John Rylands Library, University of Manchester [Street view]. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/@53.4803048,-2.2483242,3a,75y,284.39h,110.31t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sxScudi5YHow8fS_FU3GPoA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 (Accessed: 9 November 2020).

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title: full title italicised
• Medium [e.g. microfiche/microform] Followed by a full stop.
• Publisher followed by a comma.
• Place of publication followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

...at that point the General Microfilm Company (1971) discussed the legacy of the French revolution.

Reference list entry:

General Microfilm Company. (1971). French Revolutionary Pamphlets [Microfiche]. Watertown, Mass.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma (if no author provided use the title of the newspaper in italics).
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title of article: followed by a comma.
• Title of newspaper: followed by a comma.
• Date: followed by a comma.
• Page reference: followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

European negotiators began to take a hard line stance with Greek debt holders in October 2011 (Spiegel, 2011, p. 1).

Russian gold and silver miner Polymetal joined the FTSE 100 index in October 2011 (Financial Times, 2011, p. 1)

Reference list entry:

Spiegel, P. (2011). Hard line taken with Greek debt holders, Financial Times, 25 October, p. 1.

Financial Times (2011). Russia’s Polymetal set for FTSE 100 listing, 25 October, p. 1.

Electronic versions

For an online version of a newspaper article, you should provide the details of how you accessed the article. If you have accessed the article through a database then provide these details in place of the URL, eg.

Wallace, S. (2008). ‘Barry to reject record pay deal and join Benitez’, The Independent, 6 May [Online]. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/barry-to-reject-record-pay-deal-and-join-benitez-821643.html (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Wallace, S. (2008). ‘Barry to reject record pay deal and join Benitez’, The Independent, 6 May, Dow Jones Factiva [Online]. Available at: https://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Required elements

• Name of the patent holder (usually a company).
• Year the patent came into force in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title of the patent (in italics).
• Country granting the patent.
• Patent number.

In-text citation:
 

Reference list entry:

National Starch and Chemical Corporation (1989). Degradation of granular starch. US Patent: us 4838944.

Required elements

• Broadcaster/author
• Year: Publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: full title italicised. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Day/month of posted message if known followed by a full stop.
• [Podcast]
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop. (the date you first accessed the podcast)

In-text citation:

at that point on the Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show (2014) he was playing 

Reference list entry:

6 Music (2014). The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show [Podcast]. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0072ky7 (Accessed: 07 March 2014).

Required elements

• Author or tutor
• Publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop
• ‘Title of presentation’
• [presentation] or [PowerPoint presentation]
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL or VLE
• (Accessed: date) or if not online (Presented: date) followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

The excellent presentation (Booth, 2011) says…

Reference list entry:

Booth, L. (2011). 'History of radiography' [PowerPoint presentation]. MISR4004: Patient care skills: an introduction to human sciences. Available at: https://mylearning.cumbria.ac.uk (Accessed: 7 August 2012).

Required elements

• Company name
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title in (what was the original sentence?)
• Database name italicised 
• [Online]
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

Bloomberg (2012). Company information for Rolls Royce PLC, Bloomberg Professional. [Online]. Available at: Bloomberg Subscription Service (Accessed: 19 November 2012).

Mintel (2009). Books – UK – December 2009, Market Research Report. [Online]. Available at: https://reports.mintel.com/sina tra/reports/display/id=395633 (Accessed: 05 January 2010).

Meltz, M. A., Lewis, D. and Lovell, N. (2009). [J.P. Morgan report on] The McGraw-Hill Companies – 07 Dec 2009. Thomson Research Investment Research Collection Rpt. 15613728 [Online]. Available at: Thomson Research – https://research.thomsonib.com/ (Accessed: 05 January 2010).

Required elements

• Organisation.
• Year of submission in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title italicised followed by full stop.
• (Paper number) in parenthesis
• Place of publication: publisher

OR if viewed online:

• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

In-text citation:

...the evidence suggests General Medical Council (2014)……

Reference list entry:

General Medical Council (2014).Good medical practice: working with doctors working for patients. Rev edn. Manchester: General Medical Council, General Medical Council. Available at: https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/Good_medical_practice___English_1215.pdf_51527435.pdf (Accessed: 15 November 2018).

Required elements

• Student surname
• Year of submission (in parentheses) followed by a full stop
• Title of the essay/assignment, in single quotation marks
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Institution
• Unpublished essay/assignment

In-text citation:

The topic of the essay (Alumna, 2017)

Reference list entry:

Alumna, Una (2017). '‘The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions.’PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. Unpublished essay/assignment.

Required elements

• Author's name and initials.
• Year of release in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title (version)
• [Computer programme]
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

(Banjo,2011) created this software to...

Reference list entry;

Banjo (2011). Making Things (Version 3) [Computer program]. Available at: www.banjo.com/downloads/makthinv3.asp (Accessed: 3 September 2012).

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by a comma.
• Initials: in capitals with a full-stop after each.
• Year: publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title of article: in single quotations followed by a comma.
• Database name: in italics followed by a comma.
• Issue number: (issue/part number) followed by a comma.
• Article number: followed by a full stop.
• [Online]: followed by a full stop.
• DOI
• or Available at: URL (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

BAME community will be studied which will include hospitalisation rates, intensive care admission rates, and mortality due to COVID-19. (Aasim and Ahmed, 2021)

Reference list entry:

Aasim, S. & Ahmed, S. (2021). 'A systematic review of the health inequalities affecting the Black, Asian and other ethnic minority groups in UK in comparison to the White ethnic population with respect to the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection', PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews, CRD42021248117 [Online]. Available at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021248117 (Accessed 23 July 2021).

Required elements

• Theatre group.
• Year of publication in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Title of performance. italicised
• Date of performance.
• Type of material. [square brackets].
• Performance venue.
• Location of venue.

In-text citation:

The programme, Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015)

Reference list entry:

Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015, [theatre programme]. Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London.

OR if quoting a particular article within the programme

• Author
• Year of publication, in parentheses
• Title of article, if available
• The word ‘in’
• Theatre group followed by a full stop
• Year of publication in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title of performance (in italics)
• Date of performance
• Type of material [square brackets]
• Performance venue
• Location of venue
• Page number(s) followed by a full stop.

In-text citation:

According to Marsh (2015) Chekov's inspiration was borne of...

Reference list entry:

Marsh (2015) 'Spotlight on the author', in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015. [theatre programme].Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London, p.17.

Required elements

• Author's name and initials
• Year of submission in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title
• Level (PhD etc)
• Educational establishment followed by a full stop

If viewed online

• Available at: URL.
• Accessed: date.

In-text citation:

Research by Naude (1992) suggested that buying behaviour by organisations…

Reference list entry:

Naude, P. (1992). Modelling organisational buying behaviour incorporating judgemental methods. PhD. Manchester Business School.

Required elements

• Title of programme/broadcast italicised followed by a full stop
• Publication year in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Name of broadcaster: followed by a comma
• Day and month of broadcast: followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

Russell and Ruthie's secret mission costs Campmates their custard creams (I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here, 2020).

Reference list entry:

I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here. (2020). ITV, Thursday 19th November.

Required elements

• Title of the episode in single quotations
• Transmission year in parentheses followed by a full stop
• Title of programme/broadcast italicised followed by a comma
• Series and episode number followed by a full stop
• Name of broadcaster: followed by a comma
• Day and month of broadcast: followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

Lily reveals her cruel side, demonstrating her ability to hurt him, both physically and emotionally, she declares her independence from the submission of man. (Penny Dreadful, 2015).

Reference list entry:

'Memento Mori' (2015). Penny Dreadful, Season 2, episode 8. Showtime Television Network, Sunday 21 June.

These are awkward, as these sites require registration. You may want to include a copy of any discourse you use as an appendix to your work.

Required elements

• Author: surname with capital letter, followed by comma if no author provided use the title of the organization)
• Year: tweet/post year in parentheses followed by full stop
• Title of page or group (if known) italicised
•  [Twitter or Facebook]
• Day/month posted followed by a full stop
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by a full stop

In-text citation:

Peston (2018) or (Peston, 2018).

Reference list entry:

Peston, R (2018).  [Twitter] 25 October. Available at: https://twitter.com/Peston (Accessed: 26 October 2018).

Open University (2019). Open University referencing help [Facebook] 13 May. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/OUReferencinghelp (Accessed: 29 May 2019).

Required elements

• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma. (If no author provided use the title of the organization).
• Initials: In capitals with full stop after each.
• Year: Publication year in parentheses followed by full stop
• Title of webpage / internet site italicised (if not already provided) followed by full stop.
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

It can often be difficult to identify the author of a web-page. If this is the case use the organisation (e.g. BBC) in place of the author. If a website has no discernible author or organisation you may want to strongly consider whether it is suitable for inclusion in a piece of academic writing! Again it is probably best to check with the person who will be assessing your work, if you find yourself in this situation.

In-text citation

King (2011) drew parallels between the debut seasons of Cam Newton and Peyton Manning

In December, Mervyn King strongly denied criticising the treasury for the way it had handled the Northern Rock Crisis (BBC, 2007).

Reference list entry

King, P. (2011). Monday Morning QB: October 24 2011. Available at: https://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/peter_king/10/24/Week7/index.html?sct=nfl_wr_a1 (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

BBC News (2007). King denies criticising Treasury. Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7149384.stm (Accessed: 25 October 2011).

Required elements

• Title of the article
• Date published or last updated in parentheses followed by full stop
• Title of the wiki site italicised followed by full stop
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop

In-text citation:

'The Andertons of Lostock were descended from the ancient family of Euxton Hall, near Chorley, Lancashire' (‘Anderton baronets’, 2016).

Reference list entry:

Place the article title in single quotation marks. You will find information on when the page was last updated at the foot of the page
 

‘Anderton baronets’ (2016). Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderton_baronets (Accessed: 01 November 2018).

Required elements

• Screen name of contributor/creator/poster
• Year uploaded in parentheses followed by full stop.
• Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) italicised
• Type of medium [YouTube/Vimeo etc...]
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date) followed by full stop.

In-text citation:

The John Rylands Library (part of the University of Manchester Library) promulgates the parallels between mood and composition (The University of Manchester Library, 2018).

Reference list entry:

The University of Manchester Library (2018). Darkness and Light: Exploring the Gothic [YouTube]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHaf6ZeJlP8&t=0s&list=PL5JZDOVO6NB9wdfu_uIQyzcu8r6f7ugc2&index=4 (Accessed: 15 November 2018).