The information contained within these pages is intended as a general referencing guideline.
Please check with your supervisor to ensure that you are following the specific guidelines required by your school.
The Library has created the ‘Harvard Manchester’ style as an alternative to the default EndNote ‘Harvard’ style. The Harvard Manchester style displays author names in the reference list or bibliography in normal case rather than uppercase as used in the ‘Harvard’ style.
The Harvard referencing system is a convention specifying the order and content of references, not the way the references are formatted. The most important factor with all referencing styles is to be consistent. You should contact your tutor or supervisor for details of any particular formatting specifications which may apply in your School.
If you do not have the Harvard Manchester style, you can download it below and follow these instructions to add it to your copy of EndNote.
There are a variety of different referencing styles used across the University (Harvard, Vancouver, MHRA), so you should always check with your supervisor that this method of citation is accepted within your School. It is also vital that you remain consistent with your referencing style throughout your document.
Citations you include in the main body of your writing provide brief details of the work you are referring to. In the Harvard style, you place the relevant source information in brackets after a quote or a paraphrase. These short 'parenthetical citations' then link to a fully detailed reference, which you should include in your works cited (reference) list. You should also check with the person assessing your work whether parenthetical citations need to be included in your final word count.
The format of the parenthetical citation will depend upon a number of factors. These include the nature of the source (print, DVD, web etc), and also on the format of the source’s entry on your works cited (reference) list. The signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text (which will usually be the author’s surname), must be the first thing that appears on the corresponding entry in the works cited (reference) list.
The Harvard style allows you to phrase your text so that credit is given to the author’s view (direct citation) or you can cite the author and page number after the relevant section (indirect citation).
Last updated: January 2022
If the author’s work appears as a chapter within part of a larger work that is edited by somebody else (quite common with academic textbooks), use the author of the chapter for the citation within your text. You will however, need to provide the full bibliographic details in your works cited list (See section above: Chapter from an edited book for further details).
Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.
Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.) The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304.
Cite both names and separate with a semi-colon.
This is usually dependant on the flow of your assignment, here are two examples:
Hollensen (2017) and Palmer (2018) are in agreement about the importance of service-led marketing.
Service led marketing should form an important part of an organisation’s overall marketing strategy (Hollensen, 2017; Palmer, 2018).
NB: Chronological order (earliest date first) of year before surname, if the same year then revert to alphabetical order.
If two or more authors have the same surname then you need to provide more information to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. You should provide both author’s first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.
(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2010)
(A. Anderton, 2015; J. Anderton, 2015)
(Aaron Anderton, 2015; Alan Anderton, 2016)
When you wish to refer to a source that is cited or quoted in another authors work then you need to acknowledge this. This is known as indirect or secondary referencing.
Use the term 'cited in' or 'quoted in' within your work.
Nota bene: it is always preferable to cite the original source when possible.
Vampirism is described as ‘an epidemical disease of the brain, as dangerous and infectious as the madness of dogs’ (Tournefort, 1702 cited in Aquilina, 2013).
If the work is by a recognised organisation, and has no personal author, then use the organisation’s name for the citation.
If the name is well known then initials are acceptable. e.g. (BBC, 2018).
If the author title is quite lengthy you may want to spell out the name so that you can initialise it later in your work.
In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).
In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) predicted that Africa would evolve into an advanced industrial economy within fifty years (UNECA, 1963).
If the author’s name forms a natural part of your sentence, then you just need to note the relevant year (within parentheses) after the author(s) name.
Boatright (2008) argues that there are six questions that need consideration, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in a case.
For the citation:
For the reference list:
(Bruckberger et al., 2020)
Bruckberger, M.C., et al. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.
If you do not mention the author’s name within your text, then place both the name and year in parentheses, at the end of the sentence, In-text citation
There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright, 2008).
To omit part of a quotation use an ellipsis (...).
'Consider the three major social networks … none of these was profitable at the time of writing' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).
You can insert your own words into the quotation by putting them in square brackets.
Jones notes that 'in these areas the larger [tobacco] companies often act the most irresponsibly' (2005).
If the original quotation contains errors (e.g. a spelling mistake) do not correct it. Instead point out the errors by writing [sic], The Latin adverb sic ('thus', 'just as'; in full: sic erat scriptum, 'thus was it written') e.g.
Williams (2008, p. 86) noted that ‘Johnson maid [sic] a mistake’.
Nota bene: Be consistent, you can use double or single quotations marks within your work, we suggest...
The required elements would be those of the type of source the material is e.g. book or journal etc...If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.
When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxson, 2001b).
Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.
Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.
If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised.
Within the reference list it appears alphabetically by it's title.
The report highlights how health and wellbeing is already being eroded by day-to-day pressures. (A place to grow, 2018).
The phrase “no date” should be used if you cannot identify a date of publication.
Cosgrove (no date) states that total sales measures are often used to assess overall trends within the retail sector
Total sales measure is used to assess market level trends in retail sales (Cosgrove, no date).
If you wish to use references that are non-roman scripts such as Arabic or Chinese texts it is recommended that you include a translated version of the title in square brackets after the original language version.
(Brustad, 1995)
Brustad, (2006, pp.1-22).
In Brustad's ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds] the author describes the ... (1985)
Ge (1996 p. 27) describes Beijing in the book Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China] as being one of the wonders of the world.
Brustad, K. (1995). ألف با: مقدمة في الحروف والأصوات العربية [Alif Baa : introduction to Arabic letters and sounds]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.
Brustad, K. (2006). Al-kitāb fī taʻallum al ʻarabīyyah [A Textbook for Beginning Arabic]. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University press.
Ge, X. (1996). Zhongguo di ming sheng gu ji [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.
Ge, X. (1996). 中国地名胜古迹 [Places of interest in China]. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan.
For the citation:
For the reference list:
(Davidson, 1996)
(Bruckberger and Walsh, 2020)
(Anderton, Hodkinson and Theis, 2017)
Bruckberger, M.C. and Walsh, T. (2020). 'Investigation into the microbial communities and associated crude oil-contamination along a Gulf War impacted groundwater system in Kuwait', Water Research, 170, p. 10.
Anderton, L., Hodkinson, C. and Theis, A. (2018). The relationship between leadership styles and perceived workplace spirituality in the modern academic setting. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.
If you are quoting directly or using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you must also include the page number(s) within your citation. Insert the abbreviation p. or pp. (for multiple pages) before the page number(s).
Chaffey (2011, p. 30) provides a useful definition of E-government…
There are four major causes of inequality within the globalized system (Scholte, 2005, pp. 316 – 344).
‘Actual happiness always looks pretty squalid in comparison with the overcompensations for misery’ (Huxley, 1932 p.188).
Huxley, A. (1932). Brave new world. Reprint, London: Everyman's Library, 2013.
The topic of the essay (Alumna, 2017)
Alumna, Una (2017). '‘The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions.’ PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. Unpublished essay/assignment.
Longer quotations need to be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main text. You do not need to use quotation marks.
Chaffey describes how it can be difficult to assess the success of e-businesses:
Internet pureplay companies are often perceived as dynamic and successful owing to the rapid increase in visitors to sites, or sales, or due to initial valuations on stock markets. In reality, it is difficult to assess the success of these companies since despite positive indications in terms of sales or audience, the companies have often not been profitable. Consider the three major social networks: Bebo, Facebook or MySpace – none of these was profitable at the time of writing. (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).
Any quotations used should be relevant to the argument you are making. Short quotations (4 or fewer lines of prose or 3 of verse) can be set in quotation marks and included within the body of the text.
Enclose the quotation within single quotation marks, and then provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as commas, and semi-colons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage, but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
The high burn-rate facing Boo.com was due to an 'imbalance between promotion and site development costs and revenues' (Chaffey, 2007, pp. 79-80).
If there are several works by one author (published in the same year) included in your Reference list entry, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.
When discussing Manchester, Paxson (2001a) describes real football options. Latterly he introduces the idea of the options available when managing a football club (Paxsons, 2001b).
Paxson, D. (2001a). ‘Real football options in Manchester’, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: evaluating corporate investment opportunities in a dynamic world. London: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 95-112.
Paxson, D. (2001b). Real options in managing a football club, in Howell, S. (ed.) Real options: an introduction for executives. London: Pearson Education, pp. 67-71.
When referring to two or more sources by the same author in different years, you don’t need to repeat the author's surname in the citation.
Include the surname and the oldest year first, then separate the rest with by semicolons (;) in chronological order starting with the oldest first
(Anderton, 2010; 2011; 2012)
Anderton, J. (2010). 'Mold cooling: A river runs through it', Canadian Plastics, 68(1), pp. 29.
Anderton, J. (2011). 'Considering corona', Canadian Plastics, 69(2), pp. 30-30.
Anderton, J. (2012). 'Goodbye...and thank you (Or, my last rant)', Canadian Plastics, 70(1), pp. 30-30.
Your list of references links with your in-text citations and enables readers to easily trace the sources cited within your work. It is a list of the documents from which any direct quotations, or examples have been taken.
N.B. A bibliography (where you give credit to sources that were used for background reading, but were not quoted within the body of the text), is not usually required. You should however always check this with your tutor first.
Your list of references (and bibliography if you choose to provide one) should be arranged alphabetically by author and then, where necessary, by year of publication.
Different types of publication require different amounts of information. The Harvard system lays down standards for the amount of information required for each document type; these are detailed below.
Title of the Act including year and chapter number (in italics).
Country/jurisdiction (only when referencing more than one country's legislation)
...the latest legislation (Equality Act 2010)...
.
Equality Act 2010, c.15. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf/ (Accessed: 29 November 2018).
....as defined in section 1(6) of the (Equality Act 2010)....
Equality Act 2010, c.15. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/introduction
Use the name provided by the author of the blog post (even if this is informal or an alias). Put the title of the post in single quotation marks and the blog title in italics.
Mark Greenwood (2011) commented that risk free rate can 'depend on the context of use'.
Greenwood, M. (2011). ‘Risk Free Rate for UK and US’, Business Research Plus, 25 August. Available at: https://bizlib247.wordpress.com/ (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
According to Boatright (2006, p. 27) whistle-blowing is more common than the general population might realise…
Hirst and Thompson (1999) identify enormous variations between countries in terms of the importance of foreign holdings.
There are a number of similarities between the business and consumer market sectors (Kotler et al., 2005).
Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Lerner, J., Hardymon, F. and Leamon, A. (2009). Venture capital and private equity: A casebook. 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
N.B. when there are four authors, list all the authors including initials. When there are five or more authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by the phrase et al.
Always reference the translation you have read:
Delibes, M. (2013) describes childhood in a Spanish village.
Delibes, M. (2013). The path. Translated by G. and R. Haycraft. London: Dolphin Books.
at that point the BSO (2014)...
British Standards Institution (2014). BS ISO 14886:2014 Ships and marine technology. Large yachts. Structural fire protection for FRP yachts. London. British Standards Institution.
Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.
Lane, C. (1996). 'The social constitution of supplier relations in Britain and Germany: an institutionalist analysis', in Whitley, R. and Kristensen P.H. (eds.) The changing European firm. London: Routledge, pp. 271-304.
Bloomberg (2012). Bloomberg Professional. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: 30 November 2012).
CRSP/Compustat Merged (2012). CRSP/Compustat Merged. Center for Research in Security Prices. [Online]. Available at: WRDS https://wrds-web.wharton.upenn.edu/wrds/ (Accessed: 14 November 2012).
Datastream (2012). Thomson Reuters Datastream. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: November 2012).
Fame (2012). Fame. Bureau van Dijk. [Online]. Available at: https://fame2.bvdep.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).
Orbis (2012). Orbis. Bureau van Dijk. [Online]. Available at: https://orbis2.bvdep.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).
SDC Platinum (2012). SDC Platinum. Thomson Reuters. [Online]. Available at: Subscription Service (Accessed: November 2012).
Thomson One Banker (2012). Thomson One Banker. Thomson Reuters. [Online]. Available at: https://banker.thomsonib.com/ (Accessed: 19 November 2012).
GM’s profits declined even further during the financial year ending in 2004 (General Motors, 2005).
General Motors (2005). 2004 Annual report [Online]. Available at: https://www.companythumbs.co.uk/ReportByCompanyG100.asp?shareCode=GM&arYear=2004 (Accessed: 26 October 2011)
GM’s profits declined even further during the financial year ending in 2004 (General Motors, 2005).
General Motors (2005). 2004 Annual report Detroit: General Motors.
Concrete empirical accounts of the concept of embeddedness can also be found in a paper presented at the same conference (Sandberg, 2003).
Sandberg, E.A. (2003). 'The face of embeddedness', Proceedings of the 19th IMP conference, University of Lugano, Switzerland. 4th – 6th September 2003. IMP Group. pp. 12-103. Available at: https://www.impgroup.org/papers.php (Accessed: 26 October 2011).
Concrete empirical accounts of the concept of embeddedness can also be found in a paper presented at the same conference (Sandberg, 2003).
Sandberg, E.A. (2003). 'The face of embeddedness', Proceedings of the 19th IMP conference, University of Lugano, Switzerland. 4th – 6th September 2003. Lugano: IMP Group, pp. 237-253.
Brassens, Georges, Les Trompettes de la renommée (1973, Polydor)
For a single song - Artist name, ‘Song title’, Album title (producer/distributor, date)
Brassens, Georges, ‘Fernande’, Les Trompettes de la renommée (1973, Polydor)
Baker and Hart (2008, pp. 109 -244) provided a new framework for marketing activities.
Baker, M. and Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. 6th edn. Elsevier Ltd. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 26 October 2011).
Nota bene: When an eBook is a facsimile of the printed item with the same publication details and pagination you can reference it as a standard book.
Changes in EU legislation provided extra logistical challenges for these firms (Whitley and Kristenesen, 1996)
Whitley, R. and Kristensen, P.H. (eds.) (1996). The changing European firm: limits to convergence. London: Routledge.
Having split a 310 page book into three films, the second movie entitled The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014), centred around the reclamation of the lonely mountain…
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014). Directed by Peter Jackson [DVD]. California: Warner Home Video.
If viewed online
A recent study (Department of Health, 2009, p.24.) stated that '62,000 patients waited for more than 8 weeks before receiving an outpatient appointment'.
Department of Health (2009). NHS inpatient and outpatient waiting times. London: The Stationery Office. London: Routledge.
Department of Health (2009). NHS inpatient and outpatient waiting times. Available at: https://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/552-nhs-inpatient-and-outpatient-waiting-times-figures-31st-january-2009 (Accessed: 4 December 2013). London: Routledge.
Department for Children, Schools and Families (2010). Children and Young Persons, England, The Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 (No.959) Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/959/schedule/1/made (Accessed: 10 January 2019).
Ibid is generally only used in numeric citation styles and/or styles containing footnotes such as Chicago and MHRA. We do not recommend the use of Ibid in Harvard referencing unless otherwise directed by your school.
Illustrations fall into two main categories: that of figures and tables.
Figure 1 displays the chosen mascot for the 2018 World Cup (FIFA.com, 2016).
Place the caption directly below the image using the following information:
Figure1: Zabivaka 2018 FIFA World Cup Mascot (Source: FIFA.com, 2016)
FIFA.com (2016). Official mascot ZabivakaTM [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/mascot (Accessed: 20 June 2017).
Client A (2020) explained that…
[Client A] (2020) 'Discussions about their care'. [interview] Manchester: hospital placement Unpublished.
NOTE: Some anecdotal evidence may not need to be recorded in the reference list. You should discuss this with your supervisor. You may be asked to verify your sources to your tutor if the sources are questioned.
Anderton (2017) suggested that interviews…
Anderton, L (2017). ‘The Anderton interview’ . Interview with Lea Anderton. Interviewed by Will Self for The Independent, 25, September, p. 73.
NOTE: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.
In an interview with David Frost, Clough commented that 'the last time I was employed, I rather got my fingers burned' (Clough, 1974).
Clough, B. (1974). Interviewed by David Frost for The Frost Interview - Brian Clough. BBC Television, 13th November.
Clough, B. (1974). Interviewed by David Frost for The Frost Interview - Brian Clough. BBC Television, 13th November. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00ny04k/the-frost-interview-brian-clough (Accessed: 31 October 2018).
NOTE: You do not need to reference your own primary research. You should cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.
For electronic versions you will need to provide sufficient information so others can find the same article. Most commonly this will have been through one of the library’s bibliographic databases. You can however also access journal articles freely online or via a repository such as e-scholar. You only need to provide these extra details if you are unsure whether people will easily be able to locate the source you have cited.
Add the following information:
Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76. Business Source Premier via EBSCO Host [Online]. Available at: https://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
Provide the full URL from where you accessed the article, eg.
Hamblin, Y. (2005). ‘Library and information management employability skills: LIMES’, Sconul Focus, 35 (Summer / Autumn 2005), pp. 35-47. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sconul.ac.uk/publications/newsletter/35/4.rtf (Accessed: 6 May 2008).
Anderton, A. (2015). 'Displaced Music: The Ex-Concentration Camp Orchestra in Postwar Germany', Journal of Musicological Research, 34(2), pp. 141-159. Available at: doi:10.1080/01411896.2015.1020249.
Provide the name of the repository in italics, eg.
Schlegelmilch, B. and Sinkovics, R. (1998). ‘Marketing in the information age - Can we plan for an unpredictable future?’, International Marketing Review, 15(3), pp. 162-170, Manchester eScholar Services [Online]. Available at: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
In-text citation:
Hsu (2016)...
Hsu, W.Y., (2016). ‘An integrated-mental brainwave system for analyses and judgments of consumer preference’, Telematics and Informatics [Preprint]. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.11.002 (Accessed: 06 February 2017).
The Cynefin framework allows leaders to see things from new viewpoints (Snowden and Boone, 2007, pp. 68-69).
Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A leader’s framework for decision making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76.
at that point Mandela (2013) commented that
Mandela, N. (2013). Long Walk to Freedom: Abacus 40th Anniversary edition, Kindle version, accessed: 14 April 2013 from Amazon.com.
NOTE: ebooks often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead to indicate the location of a quoted section.
the important case ('R v. Edward (John)', 1991)...,
'R v. Edwards (John)' (1991) Weekly Law Reports, 1, pp.207-208.
Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style.
'Revenue and Customs v. Smith' (2017). The High Court of Justice, case 488. BAILII. Available at: https://bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/2007/488.html (Accessed: 18 May 2020).
Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style.
The lecturer’s handout (Anderton, 2017)…
Anderton, L. (2017). ‘The rise and fall of the mechanised world’, MECH66569: Reinventing Mechanisation. University of Manchester. Unpublished.
Note: This advice is for students instructed to use the Harvard style of referencing. Law students are usually recommended by their school to use OSCOLA reference style
as you can see, the decline of woodland is evident (Natural England, 2017)
Natural England. (2017). Map of deciduous woodland in North Yorkshire. Scale 1cm = 1km. Deciduous woodland BAP priority habitat (England) datafile. Using: Explorer for ArcGIS. Redlands, CA: Esri.
as you can see from the air Burlington street is interrupted by the library extension (Google Maps, 2018)
Ordinance Survey. (2018). University of Manchester Library, SJ 84509 96452. Available at: https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/53.46459,-2.23480,18/pin (Accessed: 13 November 2018).
Google Maps. (2018). University of Manchester Library. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.4637019,-2.2363183,396m/data=!3m1!1e3 (Accessed: 13 November 2018).
Google Maps. (2018). The John Rylands Library, University of Manchester [Street view]. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/@53.4803048,-2.2483242,3a,75y,284.39h,110.31t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sxScudi5YHow8fS_FU3GPoA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 (Accessed: 9 November 2020).
...at that point the General Microfilm Company (1971) discussed the legacy of the French revolution.
General Microfilm Company. (1971). French Revolutionary Pamphlets [Microfiche]. Watertown, Mass.
European negotiators began to take a hard line stance with Greek debt holders in October 2011 (Spiegel, 2011, p. 1).
Russian gold and silver miner Polymetal joined the FTSE 100 index in October 2011 (Financial Times, 2011, p. 1)
Spiegel, P. (2011). Hard line taken with Greek debt holders, Financial Times, 25 October, p. 1.
Financial Times (2011). Russia’s Polymetal set for FTSE 100 listing, 25 October, p. 1.
For an online version of a newspaper article, you should provide the details of how you accessed the article. If you have accessed the article through a database then provide these details in place of the URL, eg.
Wallace, S. (2008). ‘Barry to reject record pay deal and join Benitez’, The Independent, 6 May [Online]. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/barry-to-reject-record-pay-deal-and-join-benitez-821643.html (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
Wallace, S. (2008). ‘Barry to reject record pay deal and join Benitez’, The Independent, 6 May, Dow Jones Factiva [Online]. Available at: https://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
National Starch and Chemical Corporation (1989). Degradation of granular starch. US Patent: us 4838944.
at that point on the Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show (2014) he was playing
6 Music (2014). The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show [Podcast]. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0072ky7 (Accessed: 07 March 2014).
The excellent presentation (Booth, 2011) says…
Booth, L. (2011). 'History of radiography' [PowerPoint presentation]. MISR4004: Patient care skills: an introduction to human sciences. Available at: https://mylearning.cumbria.ac.uk (Accessed: 7 August 2012).
In-text citation:
The company expanded at an incredible rate during the latter half of the year (Mintel, 2009).Bloomberg (2012). Company information for Rolls Royce PLC, Bloomberg Professional. [Online]. Available at: Bloomberg Subscription Service (Accessed: 19 November 2012).
Mintel (2009). Books – UK – December 2009, Market Research Report. [Online]. Available at: https://reports.mintel.com/sina tra/reports/display/id=395633 (Accessed: 05 January 2010).
Meltz, M. A., Lewis, D. and Lovell, N. (2009). [J.P. Morgan report on] The McGraw-Hill Companies – 07 Dec 2009. Thomson Research Investment Research Collection Rpt. 15613728 [Online]. Available at: Thomson Research – https://research.thomsonib.com/ (Accessed: 05 January 2010).
OR if viewed online:
...the evidence suggests General Medical Council (2014)……
General Medical Council (2014).Good medical practice: working with doctors working for patients. Rev edn. Manchester: General Medical Council, General Medical Council. Available at: https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/Good_medical_practice___English_1215.pdf_51527435.pdf (Accessed: 15 November 2018).
The topic of the essay (Alumna, 2017)
Alumna, Una (2017). '‘The determining factors in deciding which prisoners are at a high risk of developing long-term psychological conditions.’PSYC62301: Introduction to Forensic Psychology and Professional Practice. Unpublished essay/assignment.
(Banjo,2011) created this software to...
Banjo (2011). Making Things (Version 3) [Computer program]. Available at: www.banjo.com/downloads/makthinv3.asp (Accessed: 3 September 2012).
BAME community will be studied which will include hospitalisation rates, intensive care admission rates, and mortality due to COVID-19. (Aasim and Ahmed, 2021)
Aasim, S. & Ahmed, S. (2021). 'A systematic review of the health inequalities affecting the Black, Asian and other ethnic minority groups in UK in comparison to the White ethnic population with respect to the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection', PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews, CRD42021248117 [Online]. Available at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021248117 (Accessed 23 July 2021).
The programme, Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015)
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015, [theatre programme]. Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London.
OR if quoting a particular article within the programme
According to Marsh (2015) Chekov's inspiration was borne of...
Marsh (2015) 'Spotlight on the author', in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre (2015). The Seagull, 12 May 2015. [theatre programme].Regent's Park Open Air Theatre: London, p.17.
If viewed online
Research by Naude (1992) suggested that buying behaviour by organisations…
Naude, P. (1992). Modelling organisational buying behaviour incorporating judgemental methods. PhD. Manchester Business School.
Russell and Ruthie's secret mission costs Campmates their custard creams (I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here, 2020).
I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here. (2020). ITV, Thursday 19th November.
Lily reveals her cruel side, demonstrating her ability to hurt him, both physically and emotionally, she declares her independence from the submission of man. (Penny Dreadful, 2015).
'Memento Mori' (2015). Penny Dreadful, Season 2, episode 8. Showtime Television Network, Sunday 21 June.
These are awkward, as these sites require registration. You may want to include a copy of any discourse you use as an appendix to your work.
Peston (2018) or (Peston, 2018).
Peston, R (2018). [Twitter] 25 October. Available at: https://twitter.com/Peston (Accessed: 26 October 2018).
Open University (2019). Open University referencing help [Facebook] 13 May. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/OUReferencinghelp (Accessed: 29 May 2019).
It can often be difficult to identify the author of a web-page. If this is the case use the organisation (e.g. BBC) in place of the author. If a website has no discernible author or organisation you may want to strongly consider whether it is suitable for inclusion in a piece of academic writing! Again it is probably best to check with the person who will be assessing your work, if you find yourself in this situation.
King (2011) drew parallels between the debut seasons of Cam Newton and Peyton Manning
In December, Mervyn King strongly denied criticising the treasury for the way it had handled the Northern Rock Crisis (BBC, 2007).
King, P. (2011). Monday Morning QB: October 24 2011. Available at: https://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/peter_king/10/24/Week7/index.html?sct=nfl_wr_a1 (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
BBC News (2007). King denies criticising Treasury. Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7149384.stm (Accessed: 25 October 2011).
'The Andertons of Lostock were descended from the ancient family of Euxton Hall, near Chorley, Lancashire' (‘Anderton baronets’, 2016).
Place the article title in single quotation marks. You will find information on when the page was last updated at the foot of the page
‘Anderton baronets’ (2016). Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderton_baronets (Accessed: 01 November 2018).
The John Rylands Library (part of the University of Manchester Library) promulgates the parallels between mood and composition (The University of Manchester Library, 2018).
The University of Manchester Library (2018). Darkness and Light: Exploring the Gothic [YouTube]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHaf6ZeJlP8&t=0s&list=PL5JZDOVO6NB9wdfu_uIQyzcu8r6f7ugc2&index=4 (Accessed: 15 November 2018).
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