The information contained within these pages is intended as a general referencing guideline.
Please check with your supervisor to ensure that you are following the specific guidelines required by your school.
There are a variety of different referencing styles used across the University (Harvard, Vancouver, MHRA), so you should always check with your supervisor that this method of citation is accepted within your School. It is also vital that you remain consistent with your referencing style throughout your document.
Citations you include in the main body of your writing provide brief details of the work you are referring to. In the Harvard style, you place the relevant source information in brackets after a quote or a paraphrase. These short 'parenthetical' in-text citations' then link to a fully detailed reference, which you should include in your works cited (reference) list. You should also check with the person assessing your work whether parenthetical citations need to be included in your final word count.
The format of the parenthetical citation will depend upon a several factors. These include the nature of the source (print, DVD, web etc), and on the format of the source’s entry in your reference list. The signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text (which will usually be the author’s surname or organisation’s name), must be the first thing that appears on the corresponding entry in your reference list.
The Harvard style allows you to phrase your text so that credit is given to the author’s view (direct citation) or you can cite the author and page number after the relevant section (indirect citation).
Citations supporting the same point to appear in chronological order (earliest first) then alphabetical on first author surname (for same year), separated by semi colons.
Display author surname only.
If two authors separate author surnames with ‘and’.
If three authors separate author one and two with a comma, two and three with ‘and’.
If four or more authors list first author and abbreviate with ‘et al.’
Display surname and initial(s).
If three or fewer authors list all authors, separated with commas, with penultimate and last author separated with ‘and’.
If four or more authors list first author and abbreviate with ‘et al.’
Author and title text to appear in sentence casing.
When using sentence casing, capitalise the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the words and letters in the title should not be capitalised, unless they're proper nouns.
Citations supporting the same point to appear in chronological order (earliest first) then alphabetical on first author surname (for same year), separated by semi colons.
Display a lower-case letter directly after the year of publication, starting with ‘a’ after the first instance of a citation for the same author and year, continuing with ‘b’ and so on. Display the same letter in all further instance of this citation.
Display the same letter as shown in the citation, directly after the year of publication.
If you cannot identify the author of a work (either a person or organisation) use the title of the work italicised.
List alphabetically by title.
Display ‘no date’ in place of the year. ... (Peters and Lee, no date)
Display ‘no date’ in place of the year. ... Peters, L. and Lee, M. (no date).
Use ‘p.’ for a single page and ‘pp.’ for a page range with start and end page separated by a hyphen (no spaces).
Display source title in italics.
Where a title exists within a larger source, such as a book chapter within an edited book or a journal article within a journal, display the source title in inverted commas and the title of the larger source it is in within italics.
The following A-Z list offers links to the most commonly requested referencing types in the Harvard Manchester style. Each example includes the instructions for creating a reference using EndNote software, specifying the reference type and active fields necessary for generating an accurate reference.
The Citation order outlines the standard requirements for constructing a reference in the Harvard Manchester style.
A reference list is a crucial component. It provides the reader with information about the sources you used in your research and gives credit to the original authors. Your references will usually comprise of a mixture of printed and electronic sources. While some elements will appear commonly in both types of reference, others maybe be specific to one kind or another. The specific format and style of references may vary depending on the referencing style you are using (e.g., Harvard Manchester, APA, Vancouver, Chicago). When creating references for a piece of work, make sure you consider the following elements for the resource type:
Author(s)
List the names of the individuals or organization responsible for creating the content. Include the author's full name (or names) if available or use the username or screen name for social media sources.
Year
The year of publication or the date the content was created or last updated.
Title
Include the title of the specific work being referenced, such as the title of an article, webpage, book chapter, or online document.
Issue information
Volume/Part (when available) for journal articles.
Page range
If you are referencing a specific chapter in a book or an article from a journal (printed or electronic), include the page numbers where the relevant content can be found.
Edition (if applicable)
If the source is a specific edition of a book or a version of a document, include the edition number.
Publisher
For books, include the name of the publisher. For academic journals, include the journal's name.
Publication location
For books, include the city and state (if applicable) where the book was published. For academic journals, this is not necessary.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
When referencing online sources, include either the DOI (preferred for academic articles) or the URL where the source can be accessed.
Access Date (for online sources)
For online sources, especially webpages, include the date you accessed the source to indicate its availability.
Format (optional)
For electronic sources that may not fit into standard categories (e.g., podcasts, videos, online presentations), indicate the format of the source (e.g., MP3, video file, PowerPoint presentation).
Database or repository (optional)
Database or repository (optional): If the source is accessed through a specific database or digital repository, you may include this information.
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Remember to follow the guidelines of the specific citation style you are using carefully, as the format and order of elements may differ. Consistency and accuracy are crucial when creating your reference list to give proper credit to the original authors and sources you've used in your work. Always double-check your references to ensure they are complete and correctly formatted.
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The Library has created the ‘Harvard Manchester’ style as an alternative to the default EndNote ‘Harvard’ style. The Harvard Manchester style displays author names in the reference list or bibliography in normal case rather than uppercase as used in the ‘Harvard’ style.
The Harvard referencing system is a convention specifying the order and content of references, not the way the references are formatted. The most important factor with all referencing styles is to be consistent. You should contact your tutor or supervisor for details of any particular formatting specifications which may apply in your School.
If you do not have the Harvard Manchester style, you can download it below and follow these instructions to add it to your copy of EndNote.
To add the style to your EndNote Style list:
For more details see: https://manchester-uk.libanswers.com/teaching-and-learning/faq/188832
In-text citations consist of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
Where the author(s) is mentioned in the text the citation consists of the year of publication in parentheses.
Where the author(s) is not mentioned in the text the citation consists of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication in parentheses, separated by a comma.
No author: If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised.
One author: the surname of the author and the year of publication are stated as below.
Two authors: the surnames of the authors, separated by ‘and’, and the year of publication are stated as below.
Three authors: first author to penultimate author separated by commas. Penultimate author and last author separated by the word and.
Four or more authors: the surname of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’, and the year of publication are stated as above.
Corporate authors: Spell out the full title of the corporation or organisation or use an acronym or Initialism if it is recognised as this.
If the author title is quite lengthy you may want to spell out the name so that you can initialise it later in your work.
All authors used in your work should be listed in your reference list.
Author details: surname followed by a comma followed by initial(s) followed by a full stop.
No author: If you cannot identify the author of a document use the title of the work italicised.
Two authors: authors separated by the word 'and’.
Three authors: first author to penultimate author separated by commas. Penultimate author and last author separated by the word and.
Four or more authors: first author followed by ‘et al’
Editor(s) no author(s): same procedure as with an author but include (ed.) or (eds.) after the names.
Author(s) and editor(s): use the procedure as if it were an authored work and include the term Edited by followed by the editor(s) names spelled out in Initial. Surname format.
Book with editors
Book Chapter with editor
Year Known: when year is known this is entered in parenthesis
Year Unknown: use no date
Part or Chapter title: when your reference is part of a larger (parent) element such as an article from a journal or a chapter of a book or a report then you place this title in single quotations marks not italicised and the parent title is italicised.
When available, you need to include the following information in the order:
Only include the edition number if it is not the first edition
If it is a revised edition, write rev edn
*Edition is abbreviated to edn, this avoids potential confusion with for editor or editors for example, 3rd edn, rev edn, 11th rev edn
Only include the place name for printed items such as books, reports, etc
Separate the place of publication and the publisher with a colon, such as, London: Beaver Books
When place names are ambiguous, such as Birmingham, Alabama then add the abbreviated US state name (unless otherwise obvious) Such as:
Include the publishing house if know or available.
Page numbers are only required in the reference list for chapters in books, and periodical (journal/magazine/newspaper) articles
The abbreviation p. is used for single pages and pp. for more than one, such as,
…Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76.
… Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 6.
… London: Hutchinson, i-iv.
Note that page numbers are not elided (for example, pp. 90–9)
If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them (see example above).
If a DOI and a URL are both available, default to DOI.
These sources can range from e-books and journal articles to conference papers and presentations. They include a number identifying the publisher, work, and issue information.
Note that because the DOI is the permanent identifier for the source, it is not necessary to include an accessed date in your reference lists.
DOI is always written in lower case.
Include ‘Available at:’ prior to the URL.
You may want to use evidence gathered from social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn etc. to provide another form of evidence to support your research activity. To reference any tweets, posts or photographs that you find on social networking sites you should follow the relevant examples.
You should include the network name in square brackets to identify the source.
If you wish to refer to a specific time within a video, use a time code in your in-text reference, with the format minutes:seconds
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